Biotechnology is a term that often appears in science and natural science discussions. But what exactly does it mean? At its core, biotechnology is the application of living organisms or biological systems to create products and technologies that improve human life.

What Is Biotechnology?

The word biotechnology comes from three Latin roots:

• Bios – meaning life

• Techno – meaning application or technique

• Logos – meaning science

From these, biotechnology can be defined as the scientific study and application of living things (such as bacteria, fungi, plants, or animals) to transform raw materials into useful products.

Biotechnology has been used for thousands of years. Early examples include making bread, cheese, and beer with the help of microorganisms. Over time, biotechnology has advanced to create powerful innovations such as genetic engineering, tissue culture, and even cloning.

Characteristic Features of Biotechnology Products :

A product can be considered a biotechnology product if it meets certain conditions:

• Scientific basis– The process must involve sciences that support biotechnology, such as microbiology, molecular biology, or food technology.

• Use of living organisms– The manufacturing process must utilize living things like bacteria, fungi, plants, or animals.

Types of Biotechnology

Conventional Biotechnology

Conventional biotechnology is biotechnology that uses microorganisms to change the shape or nutritional content of certain products, such as enzyme content. Generally, conventional biotechnology is used to produce food.

Characteristics of Conventional biotechnology :

• The utilization process uses living things directly

• Technology (equipment and techniques) that used is simple

Examples of conventional biotechnology:

• Making tempeh using Rhizopus oryzae.

• Producing soy sauce with Aspergillus wentii.

• Fermenting bread, cheese, and beer.

Modern Biotechnology

Modern biotechnology emerged after the discovery of DNA structure and function. Instead of using whole microorganisms, it often uses only specific parts such as DNA, enzymes, or genes, combined with advanced technologies.

Characteristics of Modern Biotechnology:

• Uses parts of microorganisms (DNA, enzymes, or cells).

• Relies on sophisticated tools and techniques.

Examples of Modern Biotechnology:

• Developing transgenic plants resistant to pests.

• In vitro fertilization (IVF), where sperm and egg cells are fertilized outside the body.

• Cloning and genetic engineering for medical and agricultural applications.

Applications of Biotechnology in Daily Life

As biotechnology continues to evolve, its applications are becoming more diverse:

• Agriculture: Tissue culture, pest-resistant crops, and improved yields.

• Food industry: Fermented foods, improved flavors, and enhanced nutritional value.

• Healthcare: Genetic testing, vaccines, and IVF technology.

• Environment: Bioremediation to clean up oil spills or waste.